Learn social studies with Ndeapo Alma Nambahu

A typical weather station  A weather station is a meteorological service. Weather station works by measuring atmospheric conditions and transmitting them to a network, forecaster or display. Figure 1.1 shows a typical weather station  How the elements of weather influence human activities in their local environment  •Raising animals and growing plants depend on the type of weather. •Houses are built differently according to the weather. •There are seasonal diseases that come with each type of weather. •The clothes we choose to wear are also based on the weather. •Some people do certain sporting activities depending on the weather.

  A Stevenson screen or instrument shelter is a shelter or an enclosure used to protect meteorological instruments against precipitation and direct heat radiation from outside sources, while still allowing air to circulate freely around them. Figure 1.1 shows a Stevenson screen  Characteristics of the Stevenson screen: •It has a double roof to help keep out the direct rays of the sun. The roof is also slightly sloped to allow the rainwater to run off. •The screen is made of wood and painted white to reflect the direct rays of the sun. •It is placed away from buildings and trees so that it is not standing in the shade. •The sides are slatted or louvered to allow a gentle flow of air , so that the temperature of moving air can be measured. •The door must face south so that the direct rays of the sun do not fall on the instruments if the door is open. •It is raised about 1.2 m off the ground and planted in grass to ensure accurate air temperatures are measured. Grass radiates les...

 Wind direction and speed How to calculate wind direction and speed  Wind is moving air and it is described by the compass direction from where it is blowing, for example north, south-east etc. Figure 1.1 A wind vane Figure 1.2 Windsock A wind vane (see Figure 1.1) can be used to determine the wind direction. At airports or on runways a windsock is used (see Figure 1.2). You can also determine wind direction by looking at flags or at smoke coming from a fire. The wind vane is normally made of metal and you will find it on a high building or on top of a long pole. The wind vane must be in an area where there is free flow of wind. Wind will push against the largest surface of the arrow (the tail) until the arrow swings around to be parallel with the windand offers no resistance any more. The arrow head will therefore always point in the direction from where the wind is coming. As well as wind direction,  it is also important to measure wind speed. This is measured with an a...

 Humidity  How to measure Humidity  Humidity is the amount of water vapour in the air and is expressed as a percentage (%). The instrument that we use to measure humidity is called a wet and dry bulb thermometer, also known as a hygrometer. Figure 1.1 A wet and dry bulb thermometer  The wet and dry bulb thermometer consists of two normal thermometers that are exactly the same. These thermometers are mounted parallel to each other. Underneath one of the thermometers is a small bottle filled with distilled water. The bulb of this thermometer is covered with a small wick or cloth. The end of the wick hangs in the bottle with distilled water. ( see Figure 1.1). As the water rises up the wick, it evaporates causing the wet bulb thermometer to cool down, and to measure a lower temperature. The dry bulb thermometer will indicate the real air temperature. Watch video on how to measure humidity  Sunshine How to measure sunshine Sunshine is measured with a Sunshine record...

Air pressure  How to measure air pressure  Air pressure is the force with which the atmosphere (air) is pressing down on us. It is measured in units called millibars (mb) or hectopascals (hPa) by means of a barometer or a barograph. Figure 1.1 Aneroid Barometer The aneriod barometer in Figure 1.1 I a commonly used barometer. On the faceplate of the instrument the units are calibrated (indicated) in millibars. Words like 'RAIN' (low pressure side of scale), 'CHANGE' and 'FAIR' (high pressure side of scale) appear on the faceplate. Inside the instrument you will find a metal container from which the air has been removed (forming a vacuum) and a set of levers. These levers are connected to a pointer on the faceplate. When air pressure rises, the container contracts and the levers force the pointer to move towards the 'FAIR' side. If the pressure becomes lower the container expands and the pointer moves towards the 'RAIN' side. The arrow indicates ai...

 Rainfall  How to measure rainfall (precipitation) Rainfall is a form of  precipitation and is measured in millimeters (mm) using a rain gauge. Rain gauges are made out of copper or plastic because these materials do not rust or corroded. Rain gauges can be set up in two different ways: they can either be mounted on or against a pole or they can be planted in the soil.         Figure 1.1 shows a rain gauge mounted on a  pole  All rain gauges must be set up away from buildings or trees, because these can either prevent rain from falling into the rain gauge or add extra water into the gauge. Both situations will cause an inaccurate reading. How to measure the amount of water in the rain gauge Water from the rain gauge is poured into a measuring cylinder. The measuring cylinder should be placed on a flat surface, take the reading while keeping the cylinder horizontal and leveled with your eyes. Remember to take the reading at the bottom of the m...

 How to measure and  record different weather elements  Every type of weather element requires a different type of instrument to measure and record it. Figure 1.1 shows the weather instruments and what they measure. How to measure temperature  Temperature- refers to how warm or cold the surrounding air is. The unit of measurement is degrees Celsius (°C ), and it is measured with a maximum and minimum thermometer.  As the temperature drops, the mercury in the left hand side pushes the marker upward and allows the minimum temperature to be measured. The marker is held in a place by a magnet at the rear. As the temperature increases to maximum,  the right hand side pushes the marker upward so that the maximum can be measured. Figure 1.2  maximum and minimum thermometer  How to calculate temperature averages You can calculate the average temperature for a day, a month  or a year. Averages are important for a variety of reasons. Farmers need it to...

Climatology is the study of climates. In this blog you will study the difference between weather and climate, and how to record weather by using different weather instruments.  Weather and Climate Distinguish between weather and climate  Weather- refers to the condition of the atmosphere over a short period of time (a few hours or a day) at a specific place and time such as your village or town. Weather can change quickly from place to place and hour to hour. Climate- refers to the average atmospheric conditions of a certain area, such as Namibia as observed and calculated over a long period of time, for example 20 to 30 years. Climate is thus the name given to weather patterns over a long period.   Weather elements

 Describe the effects of seasons on plants  Plants can respond to the change of seasons by losing their leaves, flowering or breaking dormancy. Plants go through seasonal changes after detecting differences in day length.  Some plants are sensitive to different lengths of the day or night, a response known as photoperiodism. Plants use this ability to help them adapt to seasonal changes in their environment and ensure key points in their life cycle, such as flowering and leaf fall take place at the right time. •Plants are green in summer. •Plants loose leaves in winter. •Plants have flowers in spring. •Plants  flowers wilt when it is cold. Describe the effects of seasons on animals Animals follow the seasons very closely. Changes in the  length of the day or temperatures affect the animal's hormone production and cause them to behave according to the season. For that reason animals instinctively know when it's time for them to mate, build a nest, fly south ...

Spring 💐 Is when trees,plants and flowers start to bud,grow and bloom. Plants need water,light,warmth and soil to grow. They get the perfect conditions they need to grow in spring. Summer ☀️  Is the season of self autonomy. The climate can shift to hotter temperatures. At summer solstice time the earliest sunrise and latest sunset happen. Autumn 🍂  Is the time of the year that acts as a transition between summer and winter. These are the harvest time. During Autumn daylight grows shorter and animals prepare for the long cold months ahead.  Winter 🥶 Is often defined by meteorologist to be the three calender months with the lowest average temperatures. It occurs during June,July and August in the southern hemisphere and December,January and February in the Northern hemisphere.